The Troubling Future of Our Nation - 642 Words

There are series of issues that are gradually arising from the depth of our nation. Many of the problems root from the decisions and actions made today. One of these problems is the overpopulation that the U.S seems to be heading towards. With the freedom and laws that protect its people today, and the hopes and dreams of the golden tan glossed by the Californian sun, the U.S has been one of the biggest eye-candy for vacationers and those in search for a new place to start over. This can stir up problems in all direction. A bigger population comes with a higher demand. If you haven’t noticed, hundreds of houses and recreations are being built all over the country to sufficiently satisfy the growing population. The increase of buildings, roads, and other man-made constructions results in the destruction of natural habitats that belong to living organisms of our ecosystem that can soon become endanger and eventually die out of extinction. If this continues, adequately sized natural environments will no longer be accessible and those growing up in the future of the country will not be able to appreciate these natural resources and beauty that we strongly rely on (World Population Awareness.). The U.S has quickly became a high consuming nation and at this rate, these raw materials and natural resources we heavily rely on to satisfy these wants and essentials will soon be scarce. Of course there is also the risk and damaging of air quality even moreShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And Global Warming Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesglobal warming. This paper also introduces the Paris Agreement to its readers and the research is questioned by asking: What if countries don’t sign Paris Agreement? The information used in this research paper is obtained from the official United Nations website which is the primary source of information for this paper as well as the secondary sources like Reuters and NASA along with scholarly sources like ProQuest. This paper refers to previous studies and discusses the effects of climate changeRead MoreNucl ear Deal With Iran Is Not Wise Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesA Nuclear Deal with Iran Is Not Wise Recently the United States and several European nations entered into negotiations to release Iranian assets in exchange for assurances that Iran would do several things, including, reduce both their stockpiles of enriched Uranium and the number of Centrifuges. Additionally they are to convert one facility into a research center, cease activities related to any nuclear weapons projects, and submit to inspections of their nuclear facilities. There are severalRead MoreThe Integration Of Globalization907 Words   |  4 Pagesrepercussions of the war, the United States and other nations came to the conclusion that the lack of communication and failure of the League of Nations was what led to Hitler’s rise to power. As a response, the United Nations was created to prevent the events from World War II to ever occur again; the UN, while controversial and difficult, helped spawn other organizations such as the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organizati on, nation-wide establishments to further communicationRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1110 Words   |  5 Pagessitting on my desk, hoping to find the career pamphlet that tells me who I am and what I am supposed to be doing with my life, I realize that no one other than myself can answer â€Å"Who am I? Who am I in the process of becoming?† As I begin to map out my future in accordance with my interests and career goals, I realize how lending a helping hand and acting as role models for others have been an essential part of my daily life. I aspire to impact the lives of others, as there is nothing else that bringsRead MoreUsa Patriot Act1302 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement community I have experienced firsthand some of the changes the Patriot Act has brought upon this nation. A result of this experience along with information obtained in the studying of this act and consequences, has led me to believe in this bill as a means for fighting terrorism against the U nited States of America. The Patriot Act was designed to help law enforcement in the fight against future terrorist attacks. A very important ingredient in this is the gathering and development of intelligenceRead MoreThe Port Huron Statement By Tom Hayden928 Words   |  4 Pagescreation of the United Nations, the United States sought to assert its influence over the world. It sought to be the overseer of what was right, wrong and define what freedom and equality were. But what this generation was seeing, before them, was not an America â€Å"of, by and for the people†, not truly an America rooted in the application of a good values, but instead one that complacently accepted that it was the strongest and most powerful and economically stable of all nations, allowing this to overshadowRead MorePresident Obamas Final State Of The Union1320 Words   |  6 PagesUNION There are 7.3 billion people on Earth (United States Census Bureau, 2016). More specifically, there are 7.3 billion people who depend on Earth for food, water, and shelter. 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Over the past few decades, the world has seen majorRead MoreThe Transformation Of Societies Into Industrialized Nations872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The transformation of societies into industrialized nations impairs not only human health but also the environment. Industries generated toxic waste, as a by-product of the manufacturing process, and their solution was to expel these pollutants, contaminating the surrounding environment. The build up of pollution has lead to undesirable climate changes; acid rain, altered atmospheric composition, land degradation and dangerously increasing water levels on a global scale. Greed hasRead MoreThe Effect of Homelessness on the Youth of America1086 Words   |  5 Pagesbig yellow slide of a local playground. I imagine they are thankful for sleep, wary of a new day, but thankful nonetheless. Homelessness at such a young age if left alone, leads to increased rates of conflict. The more homeless youths now, the more our country as a whole will have to deal with divorce, mental illness, and the need for government assistance. We can prevent this in many different ways. We can give donations. We as basic consumers, can make more thought out economical decisions. We

The Greatest Composer Of All Time - 1386 Words

Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Hayden are well-known composers, but Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. Everyone has heard the name Beethoven before. Why is he one of the greatest composer of all time? The answer is easy. He influenced so many composers after he died. Just like how Michael Jackson influenced other artists when he passed away. He made a huge impacted during the classical period and to the world. His music was influenced into the next centuries, and he is considered to be the best composer of all time. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born December 1770 in Boon, Germany. His date of birth is unclassified because he was baptized on the 17th of December, but it makes more sense that he was born†¦show more content†¦The trip to Vienna was really short lived because his mother, Maria Magdalena Beethoven was very ill and died. His sister also died and he had to take care of his two brothers. Later on, he went back to Vienne because he was studying with Joseph Hayden. Hayden saw Beethoven in Boon and made him go to Vienne. Beethoven and Hayden relationship didn’t last long because he didn’t like the way how Hayden teach (Budden). Beethoven would studied Counterpoint and slowly made a name for himself in Vienne. First of all, his works were broken into three periods. The first period was mostly classical that he learns from Mozart and Hayden. He mostly played his piano. His early works includes the Op.18 String Quartets and piano sonata. His third symphony was once dedicated to Napoleon, but when Napoleon became the Emperor of France. He wasn’t a big fan of him anymore. Now, there is whole in the paper, when he was trying to get rid of Napoleon name. (Budden). The second period was his peak year. He uses a lot of Romantic references, and he wanted his works to fit the 18th century. His harmony were much easier than Mozart, and his slow moment became really short. During his second period, his works includes the Fourth Symphony to the Eight Symphony (Budden). The third period was personal to him because he was having a crisis in his life. He would use more counterpoint in his music, and he would his knowledge to increase his range to his

Thyroid Cancer Specific Purpose Free Essays

The purpose for my informative speech is to inform my audience about Thyroid Cancer. Thesis: How often do you know people with Thyroid Cancer? Not much? Thyroid Cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck. Many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically fewer than 5% of these nodules are found to be malignant. We will write a custom essay sample on Thyroid Cancer Specific Purpose or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organization Format: My Speech will be organized in Chronological order. Introduction: I. Attention getter: I believe that if, at the end of it all according to our abilities, we have done something  to make others a little happier and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances†¦we must try. I didn’t always know this and I am happy that I lived long enough to find it out. -Roger Ebert; thyroid cancer survivor Relevance statement: Today, Thyroid Cancer has the highest cure percentage that any other cancer has. It is common in the United States. According to the National Cancer Institute about 37,000 people are diagnosed with thyroid cancer each year. We know that Thyroid Cancer is curable, but it does have some high side effects. It is also known as a small tumor. Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid. A but terfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. II. Topic Disclosure: Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Its Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer. III. Preview: Today I’d like to share with you and educate you on Thyroid Cancer and its Symptoms, treatments, causes and preventions. A. Symptoms: How every individual has different side effects depending how the cancerous the gland B. Treatments: What is the cure of thyroid cancer, and keeping in good health. C. Causes and Preventions: The cause of Thyroid cancer, how to prevent it and why people get it. Body: 1. Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Many symptoms of Thyroid Cancer can lead to negative side effects. †¢ A. The thyroid is located on your neck by a gland. Swelling of the neck, Difficulty swallowing, enlargement of the thyroid gland, roughness or changing voice, Neck swelling, and Thyroid lump (nodule) are symptoms of thyroid cancer. Some Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer or tumor a person has. Most people don’t know that they have Thyroid Cancer until they go to the doctors and they get examined. 2. The Treatment for Thyroid Cancer varies depending on the type of tumor. A. Having surgery is usually the treatment for the tumor. The entire Gland is removed. If the surgeon notices that the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, then they will also be removed. B. Radiation therapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells. It is delivered by taking radioactive iodine is often used, with or without surgery. Radiation therapy with an external beam of radiation can also be used. C. After the treatment, you need to take a thyroid hormone to replace what your glands used to make. A thyroid hormone is responsible for regulation our hormones. The dose of the treatment is usually a little higher than what your body needs, which helps keep the cancer from returning. D. If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation and has spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy may be used, but this is only effective for a third of patients. 3. The cause in thyroid Cancer can occur in all age groups. A. People who have had radiation therapy to the neck are at higher risk. Radiation therapy was commonly used in the 1950s to treat enlarged thymus glands, adenoids and tonsils, and skin disorders. People who received radiation therapy as children are at increased risk for getting thyroid cancer. As they get older the symptoms are rare. B. 1. There are different causes of Thyroid Cancer. Anaplastic carcinoma (also called giant and spindle cell cancer) is the most dangerous form of thyroid cancer. It is rare, and does not respond to radioiodine therapy. Anaplastic carcinoma spreads quickly and invades nearby structures such as the windpipe (trachea), causing breathing difficulties. 2. Follicular carcinoma accounts for about 30% of all cases and is more likely to come back and spread. 3. Medullary carcinoma is a cancer of nonthyroid cells that are normally present in the thyroid gland. This form of the thyroid cancer tends to occur in families. It requires different treatment than other types of thyroid cancer. 4. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, and usually affects women of childbearing age. It spreads slowly and is the least dangerous type of thyroid cancer. 4. To test someone for Thyroid cancer, you must go to the medical office and a physical examination can reveal a thyroid mass or nodule which is usually in the lower part of the front of the neck, or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A. Once tested, the results can be as stated; showing paralyzed vocal cords, Thyroid biopsy showing anaplastic, papillary cancer cells. Final Transition statement: In conclusion, Thyroid cancer can be cured. It takes a long process to be cured but by staying healthy and getting monthly check up, you life can change. We know that there is a lot of types of thyroid cancer, but some are highly curable. Conclusion: As I educated you about thyroid cancer, I hope everyone has a good vision on the types of thyroid cancer, symptoms, treatment, the cause and why people get thyroid cancer and how people get tested on their glands for thyroid cancer. Works Cited Wyckoff Cindy. Roger Ebert. 2 march , 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . Wikipedia. Thyroid Cancer. 3 October 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. . 15 October, 2010 . How to cite Thyroid Cancer Specific Purpose, Papers

Capital Budgeting Implications Of Arising †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Capital Budgeting Implications Of Arising? Answer: Introduction: The report is conducive in understanding the capital structure of APN Outdoor group which has been seen to be listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. The report has been further able to state on the weighted average of the capital cost evaluations and important financial ratios (De Souza Lunkes, 2016). Analysis of APNs capital structure: Based on the given information, the weighted average associated to the cost of capital for APO has been discerned to be 8.32%. An additional amount of $181.8 equity was considered by APN for the year 2016 for the establishing of capital structures. Group has further intended to reduce the total amount for increased proportion of the debt value showed in the capital structure(MENDES-DA-SILVA SAITO, 2014). Based on the analysis of the annual report, the total proportion of the debt in terms of capital has decreased. The total value of equity has been further seen to increase from $ 461525 in year 2015 to $ 836465 in year 2016. The total value of D/E has amounted to 38.1 in the present year and value of capital has amounted to 27.61 (Andor et al., 2015). Analysis of financial ratio of APN: The total net operating value of the cash flow has been seen to be discerned to be reduced during last three FY. In the last three years the total earnings of the group has been seen to be lacking by 19% by the target and the strategic activities of the current year has been recognized as 0.29. The decrease in the earnings has been further discerned with 44.4 in year 2015 to 31.4 in year 2016. In 2017 the P/E ratio has been considered as 16.92 (Dellavigna Pollet, 2013). The cash ratio of APN has been discerned as 0.38, quick ratio as 1.89 and current ratio as 1.90. The total amount of the interest coverage has been seen to be 25.96 and long term D/A as 0.23 (MENDES-DA-SILVA SAITO, 2014). APN outdoor group and its competitor performance: Ooh Media is identified as one of the main competitors of APN Outdoor group. The capital structure of the company has been identified as the mix of both borrowings and equity. The total value for the equity capital increased for the organization. Henceforth, the capital structure of APN has been seen to be consisting of both debt and equity in the capital structure composition (Johnson et al., 2013). The capital structure for APN Outdoor group has transformed in the last three years which has been linked to the loan or borrowing. The capital structure of the organization has been seen with the mix of financing the assets. The APN outdoor has been able to experience a strong cash flow with the funding of the investment activities and the favorable return for the shareholders (Baker English, 2013). Capital structure of APN Outdoor group: The capital structure has been able to refer to the mix of equity and debt for the main consideration of asset financing. The cost of capital is seen with the rate of return for the expectations made by the organization for the cost of capital which is directly seen with the impact of the financing decisions of the organization with the influence of the weighted average cost of capital. The higher cost weighted cost of capital has been discerned with higher amount of the market value (Brunzell et al., 2013). Conclusion: The given consideration of the scenario has been able to discern about both equity and debenture. The group has been seen to be providing satisfactory with the returns for the shareholders and increased amount of dividends to the shareholders. References Andor, G., Mohanty, S. K., Toth, T. (2015). Capital budgeting practices: A survey of Central and Eastern European firms. Emerging Markets Review, 23, 148172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2015.04.002 Baker, H. K., English, P. (2013). Capital Budgeting: An Overview. In Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Todays Investment Projects (pp. 116). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118258422.ch1 Brunzell, T., Liljeblom, E., Vaihekoski, M. (2013). Determinants of capital budgeting methods and hurdle rates in Nordic firms. Accounting and Finance, 53(1), 85110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2011.00462.x de Souza, P., Lunkes, R. J. (2016). Capital budgeting practices by large Brazilian companies. Contaduria Y Administracion, 61(3), 514534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2016.01.001 Dellavigna, S., Pollet, J. M. (2013). Capital Budgeting versus Market Timing: An Evaluation Using Demographics. Journal of Finance, 68(1), 237270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01799.x Hall, J. H., Westerman, W. (2013). Basic Risk Adjustment Techniques in Capital Budgeting. In Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Todays Investment Projects (pp. 215239). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118258422.ch12 Johnson, N. B., Pfeiffer, T., Schneider, G. (2013). Multistage Capital Budgeting for Shared Investments. Management Science, 59(5), 12131228. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1598 MENDES-DA-SILVA, W., SAITO, R. (2014). STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING INDUCES SOPHISTICATION OF CAPITAL BUDGETING. Revista de Administrao de Empresas, 54(5), 560574. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020140509 Turner, M. J., Guilding, C. (2013). Capital budgeting implications arising from locus of hotel owner/operator power. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 261273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.06.011

Your sister is a part of your essential self, an eternal presence of your heart and soul and memory Essay Example For Students

Your sister is a part of your essential self, an eternal presence of your heart and soul and memory Essay Views: 414 Comments: 0 Your sister is a part of your essential self, an eternal presence of your heart and soul and memory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Susan Cahill Patricia, Jessica and Janice are my sisters and great ones at that but today I will be focusing on the rather volatile relationship that my sister Patricia and I have endured over the past nineteen years, mainly in the past nine years. It is often said that a sibling relationship is based on that of genetic binding and a built in love, like that of ones love for their parents,, Loving a sister is an unconditional, narcissistic, and complicated devotion that approximates a mothers love, sisters are inescapably connected, shaped by the same two parents, the same trove of memory and experience. Bruno. M. With Patricia and I since we were children we have been the ones to fight the most and get along with each other the most, what I propose occurs within our relationship is that of a love/hate relationship, although more recently one based on contempt and anger. I wish to examine the decline in the relationship in terms of changing ideologies and social patterns along with a separation of identities. As a child I being the younger sister was in awe of Patricia my elder sister and would follow her around just trying to imitate her as best I could. We will write a custom essay on Your sister is a part of your essential self, an eternal presence of your heart and soul and memory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout my early teens and to this day I tend to compare myself to her in terms of friends, intelligence etc. Our sisters hold up our mirrors: our images of who we are and of who we can dare to become. Fishel. E But I no longer strive to imitate her every move, I have developed a life separate from her which is difficult to comprehend since through our entire lives we have shared the same room, gone to the same school even sharing the same birth month just one year and one week apart. With Patricias rather volatile temper and our evolving identities fights were inevitable. As patricia once said to me , Rashell I feel like were drifting referring to me during the stages at university when my life began to take a different path away from my dependence on Patricia, as I gained a great deal more friends and a social life one Patricia and I couldnt relate on. But I didnt leave her behind, as I gained a new lifestyle the time spent with Patricia did decrease she now had her friends and I had mine, this was a healthy occurrence, with slight negative aspects. It decreased if not eradicated our late night talks and simultaneously increased our arguments and disagreements. But when does a sibling fight overstep that line? We may fight, we may cry But my love for you will never die I will care for you until the end Because you are my bestest friend Can such a statement like this ring true in reality? The fights I share with Patricia have become a common occurrence, starting off with a simple comment leading to declarations of hate and at time physical violence. When words of hate are uttered between sister many would assume it to be a heat of the moment comment but what if such fights took place almost daily could a hate for ones sister be developed to eclipse sisterly love? Sisters by chance, Friends by choice! If as Patricia has pointed out many a time you do not like your sister as a person could your love for your sister be constituted as a convention built into you by history and your parents or can it be said that a love for each other prevails over petty bickering, I must say I believe not in the latter for as my experience has shown, to love somebody you must love who they are, if that is not possible and your love is based on convention then the definition of love must be changed to more of an obligatory one. .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .postImageUrl , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:hover , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:visited , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:active { border:0!important; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:active , .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066 .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84d1134d0c5e1bd9217427656f4a9066:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A good man is hard to find ana EssayOne aspect of my relationship with Patricia as my elder sister is her ability to read me and talk to me as though she were inside my head, as though we were one in the same entity, sharing an unexplainable bond one that transcends love and convention one that leads to late night talks and feelings of warmth and happiness in Patricias presence, To have a loving relationship with a sister is not simply to have a buddy or confidanteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ it is to have a soul mate for life. Secunda V Patricia is more than a sister she is, to over use a clichÃÆ' ©, my best friend one that knows what shows make me laugh and what people make me cry a person who can tell my heart if breaking by simply looking at me, a person like Patricia or should I say a sister like Patricia is able to make things seem lighter upon your shoulders, things dont seem so scary or daunting once explained through her words and emotions, For there is no friend like a sister in calm or stormy weather, to cheer one on the tedious way, to fetch one if one goes astray, to lift one if one totters down, to strengthen whilst one stands. Rossetti C.. But has Patricias temper and ability to truly scar me emotionally severed my love or emotions towards her as my big sis? The answer to that would be yes but to a certain extent, there are times when she makes me question myself with her bitter words and turn me to really think about her as a person no longer a sister and then there are times like when I wake up i n the morning she tells me she loves me and to be safe and when I got out she rings me constantly to check on me. Some may construe that as a lack of trust on her part but I see it as her being the ultimate and true older sister that she is. No one knows better than a sister how we grew up, and who our friends, teachers, and favorite toys were. No one knows better than she. Atkins D. V. . There is a great respect for each other within our often unpredictable relationship even during our most vicious of fights when we compete as to whose words will inflict the most pain, which is a sadistic thing to engage in yet oddly commonplace in our fights. We know much about each other physically, mentally, emotionally, socially etc although Patricia doesnt tend to confide in me or share things with me as much as she does to her best friend Claudia. I on the other hand share everything from my daily activities to my inner most thought with Patricia because she is my confidant, one of few I would ever entrust my inner most thought with. You cant think how I depend on you, and when you are not there the colour goes out of my life Woolf V. I am not jealous of Claudia, as some may assume because I know that as much as I love and adore Patricia I know Claudia is better at helping her as I dont possess the empathy and warmth that Patricia does in dealing with other peoples emotions. Some may interpret that as cold whereas I interpret it as a gift of helping others which I do not possess but Patricia does, I can try and I do offer my opinion and help her with her emotions but I rarely succeed in a positive way on Patricias behalf. As I talk of Patricia and my present relationship it takes me to the idea of our future one and how if ever it will come to be that of a healthy loving sibling relationship, personally I dont think for us that could be entirely healthy as fighting is a good way to express our emotions and thought although we do tend to cross the line. .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .postImageUrl , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:hover , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:visited , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:active { border:0!important; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:active , .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3 .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u297d157074b8609925ca68094723a5e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An analysis of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit EssayBut I most definitely see a future for Patricia and I the true tragedy would be to not see one, It is said that when your parents die, you lose your past; when your spouse dies, you lose your present; and when your child dies, you lose your future. However, when your sibling dies, you lose your past, your present, and your future. After all, the relationship between siblings is potentially the longest of their lives. http://www. geocities. com/tomthefreebird/siblingpage. html To conclude I would like to say that although fights, scars emotional and physical have occurred constantly for the past few years and we have uttered words of hate against each other, a sisterly bond is on to be fought for, to be held on to at any cost, one that will make us better and more tolerant people. I end this with one final quote which I hope Patricia appreciates even if she is atheist a quote that rings true to me, Though we are not sisters from the start, God put us together to be sisters at heart.

Success of Online Learning

Success of Online Learning Free Online Research Papers Different studies have been made regarding the success rate of online distance learning. Some show a significant higher pass rate versus the classical classroom approach. Example of this is a study conducted at the Riverside Community College (Anon, 2008) showing a significant higher number of achievements for mathematical courses delivered through the internet (average 66%) versus traditional courses (average 50%). An other study at a College of the Sequoias in California (COS) revealed just the opposite, with a 70% success rate for the face-to-face course versus only 46.6% success for students in distance education (Rapid Intellect Group Inc., 2004). This immediately shows that neither formulas in themselves are a guarantee for success. Several factors have an impact on the final result. There exists a huge variety in the types of courses offered through distance learning. Some simply provide a text to read, others check students learnings through online multiple choice tests, and yet others develop a more personal relationship with and between participants. Although some approaches were statistically proven to be more successful than others, it is the responsibility of the student to find the course and the way of working best suited for his personal situation. Characteristics of Virtual Education One of the great advantages of asynchronous online learning, is the freedom and the flexibility this offers to the student. He can choose when and where to study, combining his academical ambitions with his work obligations and social agenda. This, on the other hand, seems to be one of the great pitfalls (Reid, n.d.). With no fixed time table, the student must find his own way to keep all those balls in the air and manage his time in the most efficient way. This requires self-knowledge, time management and discipline. Even though this often is a new way of studying, it is a situation most professionals have learned to deal with throughout their working experience. He will have developed his own method to respect deadlines and to keep an overview of the tasks at hand, and a similar methodology will have to be used to get the most out of his studies. A second great advantage is the opportunity to learn from others, and their experience. Adult students have learned a great deal during their career, both from a knowledge point of view as with regards to behavioural development. They have acquainted the processes and procedures of their company and most likely helped to shape or fine-tune some of them. Distance learning now gives them the change to not only discover new theoretical aspects, but also how they are applied in other environments. This may lead to a critical assessment of their own way of working, and the sharing of best practices. Conclusion There are many different formats and formulas of online learning. None offer a guarantee for success. Aspirant students should first carefully assess their personal situation: what motivates them; what do they want to achieve; how much time do they have available; do they master the required technological skills, †¦ Knowles (1980 cited in Galusha, n.d.) believes that† learner behaviour is influenced by a combination of the learners needs plus the learners situation and personal characteristics. Knowing these personal characteristics is an important aspect of planning distance learning course-ware and strategies.† REFERENCES Anon. (2008) Delivery Method and Success in MAT63MAT64MAT52 [Online] Riverside Community College. Available from: http://academic.rcc.edu/ir/Research/Delivery%20Method%20and%20success%20in%20MAT63MAT64MAT52.doc (Accessed 30 May 2010) Galusha J.M. (n.d.) Barriers to Learning in Distance Education [Online] The Infrastruction Network. University of Southern Mississippi. Available from: infrastruction.com/barriers.htm (Accessed 1 June 2010) Rapid Intellect Group Inc. (2004) Impacting distance learning success rates [Online] Available from: thefreelibrary.com/Impacting+distance+learning+success+rates-a0129973235 (Accessed 30 May 2010) Reid (n.d.) What Every Student Should Know About Online Learning [Online] Kennesaw Georgia: Kennesaw State University. Available from: ion.uillinois.edu/resources/tutorials/overview/reid.html (Accessed 30 May 2010) Research Papers on Success of Online LearningStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on Children

Crime scene in the novel and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime scene in the novel and film - Essay Example of the said author that deals with important political and social issues such as terrorism, anarchism and the events that can be related to such issues. The main point of view of the said novel is mainly on the side of the antagonistic character in a society mainly on the basis of the perception that it presents on the people involved with the act of terrorism and other criminal dealings. Based on the experience brought about by the novel, it can be considered that in cases of extreme belief in certain philosophies, people are capable of crimes and actions that the norms can consider as evil. The nature of human being then can be considered highly complex and cannot be boxed through cultural and moral standards. The main character of the story represents a normal person with a family which often has conflicts regarding different aspects of life. Basically, one of the highlight of the character’s life is regarding the peers with similar point of view specifically anarchists who rooted for revolution using unconventional actions. Although this is the case, the wife of the main character depicted the capability if a person to hurt another which can also considered as an act of terrorism and anarchy specifically when she had killed her husband. The representation presented by Conrad reflects the human nature that is outside the stereotypical view. That includes the focus on the irony of perceptions on the weakness of the women in the society; the limitations in the harm one human can do to another regardless of relationship; and that capacity to do crime is not limited to the distraught and the people without morality. Crimes can be committed regardless of culture, norms and character of a person. The novel The Great Gatsby is another notable published work by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is a representation of the American society after the WWI. The novel represents the conflicts occurring in the society due to different factors that are interplaying. One

Gilberto Vargas is an affluent Brazilian citizen who has lived in Rio Essay

Gilberto Vargas is an affluent Brazilian citizen who has lived in Rio since 1965. He is the controlling shareholder of a multina - Essay Example The test of connection that decides whether the person comes under the jurisdiction of UK taxation is primarily the test of residence (Baistrocchi, 2013, p. 2).The network that exists amongst the scores of double tax treaties (DTTs) forms an important part of the international law. The existing DTTs are all bilateral and based on two existing models; the OECD model and the UN Model. All the DTTs have stark similarities in terms of the topics covered, the order in which the topics are presented and the language in which the articles are described. This makes the DTT network such an important element in the tax regime, that the general rules have become a feature of the international law and might become binding in situations of governing taxation of income in cases of cross border transaction. This paper deals with the case of a Mr. Vargas who is a businessman and considers moving base to London for seven years. The OECD Model of DTT The DTT that follows the OECD Model is particularly applicable for the developed countries. It â€Å"reduces tax on royalties to zero but has a positive rate on interest and dividends† (Avi-Yonah, 2007, p. 3). There is harmful tax competition in which two issues are identifiable. Firstly, tax havens have been identified â€Å"as jurisdictions with no or nominal income taxes and also one or more of lack of effective exchange of information, lack of transparency, and lack of substantial activities by tax payers†. Secondly, preferential tax regimes have been identified as regimes that offer â€Å"no or low effective tax rate and one or more of ring fencing, lack of transparency, and lack of effective exchange of information† (Baistrocchi, n.d.). The prevalence of tax havens and preferential regimes has been condemned by the OECD which has stated it to be a harmful tax competition. The basis of taxation applicable for Mr. Gilberto Vargas: Arising basis or Remittance basis In the given case study, there is OECD Model based tax treaties between the relevant countries. Gilberto Vargas is the controlling shareholder of a multinational enterprise which is based in Brazil and holds investments in the real property market in Brazil, China and India. He is a citizen of Brazil and is considering a migration to the United Kingdom, along with family, for seven years. He is then a foreign national to the UK and his income is liable to taxation for only that amount that arises to him in the UK. The status of becoming a â€Å"resident in the UK† (Judgement, 2010, p.6) creates the platform for UK tax under the provisions of â€Å"Income Tax (Earning and Pensions) Act 2003† (Judgement, 2010, p.6). He is to be considered as a resident of the United Kingdom under the 183-day rule which states that if any person stays in the UK for one hundred and eighty three days, which is approximately half of a tax year (starting form 6th April of any year and continuing till 5th April of the next year) he is c onsidered a â€Å"resident in the United Kingdom† (BN1-British Citizenship, n.d., p. 5) for tax purposes occurring in that tax year. For the citizens of UK, unless a person spends the entire tax year outside the UK with no return visits to the UK, he would be treated as a resident of UK â€Å"for the tax years in which† (You are a UK resident taking a holiday or working holiday abroad, 2010) a citizen of the UK spends any time in the United Kingdom. But when the person is a non-UK domiciled, ie, his

Parental Responsiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parental Responsiveness - Essay Example If any case a child gets difficulties in achieving what he or she demands, he or she cries for assistance. Therefore, it is the role of the parents or caregivers to react responsibly after a child cries and assist on what he or she wants. When children start schooling, they meet with peers. During that time, the child adapts other different behaviors. The peer pressure usually affects them more behaviors than those they acquired from their parents or caretakers. The behaviors include good and bad ones where bad ones are easier to adapt than the good ones. The bad behaviors become more challenging to the parents or caretakers while trying to control them from their children. The adolescent stage is where most of the children have a greater resistance in changing the code of behaviors (Staats, 2002). Most of the children who refuse to change their behaviors as guided by their parents or caretakers or teachers, they mess up with their lives as they become mature. At this stage, there are some who drop out from schooling and later regret in their lives. Psychoanalysis is the understanding of the psychological phenomenon and how to treat emotional disorders. Children psychoanalysis is a form of research and treatment involving the children in trying to help them in coping with the problems. The main goal psychoanalysis is to aid children together with their parents in understanding their behaviors and feelings and try to develop them back on track (Palombo et al, 2009). The therapy usually involves less play along with more talks while the children get older towards and into puberty. Parents or caretakers should assist their children mostly at the puberty stage. The method can be used in handling the situation where the mother does not understand the desires of the infant when he or she cries. In most cases a child cries when he or she becomes uncomfortable, hungry, tired, or wants to sleep. During

Investigation on Resources for Childhood Immunization Rates

Investigation on Resources for Childhood Immunization Rates Immunization: an Investigation on Resources for Childhood Immunization and Health Professional Immunization Rates Zhou Yun Richard Wu Website University of Pittsburgh. (2012). Childhood Immunization Refusal: The Return of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.  Retrieved from  http://www.omicsonline.org/2157-7560/2157-7560-3-e115.pdf Journal Article Koharchik, L.S., Salman, K., Hardy, E., Mayle-Towns, K. (2012)  Influenza immunization status among nursing students. Journal of Infection Prevention, 13(3), 84-87. doi:10.1177/1757177412442433 Introduction Immunization against infectious disease has been one of human’s first defenses against pathogens for the past few decades. Measles, mumps, rubella. Vaccinations have saved thousands, if not millions of people from these diseases, and seen the eradication of others, like smallpox, during the 1960’s and 70’s. Yet with seemingly endless benefits to mankind, in the recent years people have questioned the legitimacy and whether the risks involved with vaccines truly outweigh the benefits. Discussions have risen whether to vaccinate children, whether leaving the natural immune system to fend for itself will lead to an inherently ‘stronger’ immune system, and whether our own health professionals choose to vaccinate themselves. I personally find this topic intriguing as I personally chose not to have a vaccine as a child. Raised in a ‘let nature take its course’ household, and having such beliefs like taking the pain, not the painkiller, I chose this topic as I wanted to investigate immunization, learn the true scientific statistics and see how the wider scientific community views what some may call the 21st century wonder [preventative] drug. Website Educational Value The editorial title provides brief expectations on what is to follow. Shimi goes into profuse detail into the subject, and cites highly regarded health organizations for statistics and information to educate her audience. As Shimi explores the consequences of opting against vaccinations, the reader is presented with statistics from three decades ago to the current date. This shows great range of information and informs the reader of many details of how health has changed over time. Each survey, statistic or health information across the US, UK and Canada is supported by respective references to relevant educational institutions or health organizations. The wide range of educational value and the compilation of highly regarded and referenced material gives an impression of a highly credible resource. As a publically available webpage about vaccines it was important to check on the credibility of the author and editorial itself, as corporation funding or bias may influence the arguments presented. Online-marketing and social media to advertise medication is becoming more prevalent in the 21st century (Liang Mackey, 2011). Readers looking online must take note of the arguments and consider the true educational value of material on the Internet before deciding credibility. Notably, Shimi studies both sides of the spectrum, with respective references, presenting a well-informed perspective on immunization. Thus, one would find her resource highly credible. Intent The editorial article was supported by a leading research University (The Center for Measuring University Performance, 2009). The article briefly introduced childhood immunization before delving into the mindset behind opting for or against vaccination, and history behind infectious diseases. Collective information was presented, from surveys completed by parents, to proportion of disease outbreak relative to proportion of children who remained unvaccinated. Though not conclusive, Shimi explored many facets of childhood immunization and gave the reader a broad perspective on what, how and why vaccination exists. Being relatively recent and citing an extensive spectrum of resources, one would find this online editorial to a credible resource. Internet users have migrated from passive information sources to actively seeking the information they require (Liang Mackey, 2011). Internet users must continually be mindful of online material, where their funding comes from, why their phrasing is more favored to one drug over the other, and whether the online material exists to educate readers or promote to readers (Liang Mackey, 2011). This criterion is relevant for investigating online resources, as it is vital to continually question the intentions of publically available material, and why anyone may access it so easily. The article in question is backed by the University of Pittsburgh and cites numerous other highly respected organization and statistical institutes, and thus one concludes it is a highly credible resource. Journal Article Quality Research from the article was clearly presented and aims were established early. Relevant findings were elaborated under a ‘Literature review’ section, giving readers a defined perspective on relevant research as well as gaps in the current knowledge. The authors developed an original procedure, which was approved by a university review board (Koharchik, Salman Hardy 2012), to investigate the subject. This assumed their ideas were supported by informed academics. The authors’ original research and findings were consistent with other peer-reviewed studies (Ali, Khakoo, Fisher Hobbs, 2007; Nichol, D’Heilly Ehlinger, 2008), giving the impression their arguments and methods were informed and highly credible. The journal article provided different facets of information for the reader to understand the research that occurred before the study itself. In contrast, other sources failed to grasp the topic with an omniscient perspective (Shepherd, 2011) or giving reference to previous or current research. As an editorial, the author’s choice of words and selected details portrayed a strong emotional argument. The reader feels they are being convinced to adopt the author’s perspective, as conflicting arguments are neither portrayed nor referenced. Although other sources may have varying purposes to reach out to the audience, students would not use these sources as their arguments seem much less informed, absent of strong academic support, and consequently of an overall lower quality. Authority Streams of references follow every argument or statistic included in the article. The authors had other works published in the same topic, showing they had expertise in the subject and had past experience researching immunization. However, the authors had only published two works including the article in question, within a few months of each other. This could indicate that their knowledge was still budding and possibly lacking in a well-rounded experienced judgment. The study was undertaken at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh. The Journal of Infection Prevention is also a leading authority on medical research and development. One should not be excessively impressed by famed academic journals as mistakes do occur (Harzing, 2002), but it does give an indication of the authors and their work to have their work published for the greater scientific community. The Journal of Infection Prevention is renown in its articles and contributing authors. Commonly referenced, the content published by its authors are backed by other experts and thus act as credible sources for research in the content area. Koharchik, Salman, Hardy Mayle-Towns references previous research in the area and presents original research consistent with similar studies. One should consider the article, its authors’ expertise and whether other experts support the study to determine credibility. Koharchik, Salman, Hardy Mayle-Towns fulfill all these aspects and as such one would find the article highly credible. Summary The website and journal article were generally credible sources to read or use for an academic paper. Both resources are presented neutrally and there is no emotional bias in the writing. Arguments are presented for and against the content. Statistics included in both resources are relevant and are cited accordingly, with both resources providing an extensive range of high-regarded references. The reader is thoroughly informed and there is no obvious bias due to financial sponsor or affiliation. The authors for both resources are clearly stated and contact details are left, and both resources are supported by respected academic organizations renown for its respective authority in the medical field. References University of Pittsburgh. (2012). Childhood Immunization Refusal: The Return of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Retrieved from  http://www.omicsonline.org/2157-7560/2157-7560-3-e115.pdf Koharchik, L.S., Salman, K., Hardy, E., Mayle-Towns, K. (2012). Influenza immunization status among nursing students. Journal of Infection Prevention, 13(3), 84-87. doi:10.1177/1757177412442433 Liang, B.A. Mackey, T.K. (2011). Prevalence and Global Health Implications of Social Media in Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(3), doi:10.2196/jmir.1775 The Center for Measuring University Performance. (2009). The Top American Research Universities: 2009 Annual Report.  Retrieved from  http://mup.asu.edu/research2009.pdf Ali, S., Khakoo, R., Fisher, M. Hobbs, G.R. (2007). An assessment of influenza vaccinations among health profession students. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3: 822-825. Nichol, K.L., D’Heilly S. Ehlinger E.P. (2008). Influenza Vaccination among college and university students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 16(22):1113-18. Shepherd, T. (2011, May 31). Deadly parenting choices in the vaccination debate. The Punch. Retrieved from http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/deadly-parenting-choices-in-the-vaccination-debate/ Harzing, A.W. (2002). Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility: The case of expatriate failure rates. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23(1): 127-148.

The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Essay -- Racism Genocide History Essays

The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Genocide, the attempt to destroy a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity, remains alive and well. The definition of genocide as given in the Webster's Dictionary is 'The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.' This definition depicts the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small and poor central African country. What makes this crisis particularly shocking is the structural character of the violence: villages have been torched, and civilians have been deliberately targeted by bombing, summary executions, massacres and systematic rape as part of a strategy of fear instigated by the Sudanese military and the so-called Janjaweed, armed and supported by the government of Sudan. The crisis in Darfur has therefore demanded both a humanitarian and a political response. The political response has consisted of increased pressure on the Sudanese government to disarm the Janjaweed, ensure security and allow aid agencies into Darfur to provide humanitarian aid. Humanitarian needs include food, shelter, water, health, sanitation and nutrition. But more than that, the structural violence against civilians means that there is an urgent need for protection, as systematic abuse, rape and displacement continue unabated. As international pressure on the Sudanese government led to improved access conditions during 2004, the humanitarian presence in Darfur increased significantly. By December 2004...

The Role of Youth in Indian Politics Essay

On the roads of Indian democracy, we have travelled for about 63 years now and shall continue the journey for years to come in the same rickety ancient grubby vehicle of ours that has driven us for so long. The list of travellers is an assemblage of young dazzling men and women. The blatant contrast between them arouses debates. It makes us ponder over the role of youth in Indian politics. There have been certain qualities constantly attributed to youth such as passion, aggression, and impetuousness, which have been viewed in both negative and positive lights.. Many argue that â€Å"youth† is an inexperienced and immature stage of life and are in disagreement as to whether the qualities of youth can be beneficial for politics, or detrimental. Speculation has also led to debates about whether young adult brains are biologically ready to make tough decisions. At the same time, for the establishment of â€Å"Rule by the People† in the world’s largest democracy as we proudly declare ourselves to be, it is important to understand who these â€Å"people† really are. According to ‘Indian Youth Portal’ 41.05% of the total population of the nation comes under the category of youth. Hence, it is obvious that participation of youth in the functioning of our country’s political practices is integral. The methods of working need to be revolutionised at a grass root level which can be attained by giving them the power to create a world in which they wish to live. Their innovative way of assessment and unacceptability towards injustice and unfair practices, makes them the ideal class of people to work for the people and strengthen their representation. After having addressed the question of the importance of youth contribution, we need to shift our focus on the practicality of this idea. A simple survey* reveals an interesting result. 87% of the university students surveyed for the same, believe that the†¦ Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This definition clearly underlines the basic tenet that, in this- form of government, people are supreme. The ultimate power is in their hands and they exercise it in the form of electing their representatives at the time of elections. In modern times this type of democracy, which is representative in nature, is most suitable. The other type, the direct democracy in which the people themselves enact and implement laws and run the administration, is now not feasible as countries are large and their populations huge. In a country like Switzerland, which has comparatively small population, direct democracy can still be found. India is the biggest democracy in the world, with a population of over one billion. India, a union of states, is a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic, republic, with a parliamentary system of government. The republic is governed in terms of the Constitution, which was adopted on 26 November, 1949 and came into force on 26 January, 1950. During the past fifty-three years there have been regular elections to the Parliament and state legislatures. This reflects the maturity and wisdom of the Indian electorate, in whom the ultimate power and sovereignty rests. With the passage of time, Indian voters have become more assertive and active as regards their participation in the process of democracy. The turnout of Indian voters has significantly increased during the past elections. It was about 52% only during the Lok Sabha elections of 1952 which increased to 64% during the ninth Lok Sabha elections held in 1989. Similarly during the last elections for Parliament, the voter’s t urnout has been quite encouraging. This phenomenon†¦ No institution including the Election Commission of India (ECI) and no personality or office in a democracy can be beyond public criticism and  debate. There have been occasions in the past when political parties have vehemently disagreed with the ECI’s decisions and found fault with its directives. Some of them have merely voiced their dismay, while others have accused the poll panel of lacking in neutrality and being influenced by the ruling party of the day. However, it is not often that a major political party holds a protest against the ECI and openly accuses the Chief Election Commissioner of timidity. By organising such protests, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has set a precedent of sorts. The party’s grievance is that the Returning Officer for the Varanasi constituency, where its prime ministerial aspirant Narendra Modi is a candidate, denied him permission to hold a rally in Varanasi city, citing security reasons. There may be some substance in its grievance as other leaders seem to have had no problem in addressing rallies at the same venue. However, it seems the party is protesting too much, as this one instance is not enough to conclude that the entire machinery of the Election Commission is acting with bias against the BJP and Mr. Modi. With just one round of polling left in the multi-phase exercise, Mr. Modi has criss-crossed the length and breadth of the country including Uttar Pradesh and addressed rallies without any such problem. The words of its senior leader Arun Jaitley, that â€Å"timid men can dwarf high office† and â€Å"if you can’t provide security, don’t hold polls in the country†, may not be quite fair, considering the impressive way in which the Commission has held the mammoth democratic exercise over the last two decades without many complaints of rigging. Voter turnout has improved considerably over the years; people living in remote areas and from communities prevented in the past from voting by feudal overlords are exercising their franchise without fear. Carping at the referee for one unpalatable decision, even if it involves the party’s iconic contestant, may not be justified. One of the principal complaints of the BJP against the United Progressive Alliance regime was that it undermined institutions such as the CAG by its continuous attacks. The BJP’s outburst against the ECI would seem no different in its tenor. Parties should desist from unfair attacks that might put undue pressure on election officials. It is equally plausible that the BJP was merely being opportunistic and seeking last-minute electoral gains by playing the victim. For its part, the Election Commission should be more alert, closely monitor field-level decisions and deal with complaints  against its officials with a greater sense of urgency. One of the most encouraging aspects of the 2014 Lok Sabha elections has been the significantly high voter turnout in areas affected by Left-wing extremism. Bastar in Chhattisgarh, that remains severely affected by Maoist insurgency, saw a voter turnout of almost 60 per cent as opposed to 47.33 per cent in 2009. Here, as well as in other areas, the Maoists had called for a total boycott of elections. But in most areas, in spite of the violence perpetrated by the Maoist rebels, people have come out in large numbers to cast their vote. In Gadchiroli constituency in Maharashtra, that is a part of the Maoists’ foremost guerrilla zone, the Dandakaranya Special Zone Committee, over 68 per cent votes were cast as opposed to 65.21 per cent in the 2009 elections. Munger and Jamui in Bihar also saw a 10 per cent increase in voter turnout. The only affected area where the turnout was low is Orissa’s Malkangiri that recorded a voting percentage of 48 per cent. One reason attributed to the higher turnout is the enthusiasm of first-time voters who came out in large numbers. Also, in many Maoist-affected areas, people are tired of the long cycle of violence, and want things to change. The voter turnout in Bastar has left the Maoists worried. After the elections in Bastar on April 10, they have held meetings at several places with Adivasis to understand what prompted this high turnout. Even in the formerly Maoist-hit areas in West Bengal, that went to the polls on May 7, the turnout has been exceptional. West Medinipur, Purulia and Bankura registered a turnout of 81.41, 78.75, 80.55 per cent respectively till 5 p.m. In Jhargram, it was almost 88 per cent. The challenge for the new government would be to focus on the development of the red corridor, especially when people there have expressed their faith in democracy. One major reason why the Maoists were able to entrench themselves in these regions was that the Indian state had completely forsaken its people. The void left by the state was just filled by Maoists. The onus is on whosoever forms the next government in New Delhi to change the equation. In many areas, there is sympathy among the Adivasis for Maoists. Security operations in these areas may have put Maoists on the back foot, but this can only be a temporary trend. In the absence of a real developmental intervention by the new government, there will be no ebb in violence in Bastar and other  Maoist-affected areas. One of the biggest challenges before the new government will be to instil a sense of security among the people. That will only happen if the people have confidence in the government — after which they will reject Maoism. When a law replacing an invalid executive order retains the same classification that was held to violate the constitutional norm of equality, it has to be struck down. It was only natural that the Supreme Court should declare unconstitutional Section 6-A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act that requires prior approval of the Centre before the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) can begin an inquiry or investigation against officers of the Union Government in the rank of Joint Secretary and above for the same reason that it invalidated the government’s ‘Single Directive’ in Vineet Narain (1997). The section was introduced by Parliament in 2003 to restore the ‘Single Directive’, a set of instructions to the CBI on the modalities of holding an enquiry. In yet another verdict that insulates the investigating agency from dependence on government approval at every stage, the Court has seen through the distinction made between officers based on t heir rank alone. Apart from there being no reasonable basis to treat corrupt public servants of a certain rank differently from those below them, the Court has given cogent and practical reasons too: that Section 6-A is destructive of the objective of the Prevention of Corruption Act as it blocks the truth from surfacing, protects those who commit crimes thwarts independent investigation and provides a forewarning to corrupt officers as soon as allegations are made against them. The government argued in vain, as it did in defence of the Single Directive earlier, that officers of the rank of Joint Secretary and above are â€Å"decision-making† officials who required protection against malicious or vexatious allegations. In the absence of such protection, it was contended, officials may tend to make no decisions, or limit themselves to ‘safe decisions’. However, as the amicus curiaepointed out to the Court, there was no known instance of harassment of officials between 1997 and 2003, the period in which no such prior approval was required. Further, other provisions requiring sanction from the competent authority before commencing prosecution remain intact. The real mischief in the provision, the Court has noted, is that the very group of  officers who may be the target of the inquiry get to decide whether the probe should be allowed or not. It has ruled that where it could be inferred that a corrupt act had taken place, but there is no direct evidence, the ‘expertise’ to decide whether to begin a probe should remain with the CBI, and not with the government. The verdict thus strengthens the agency in a way the legislature has failed to do over the years. It has restored what it calls the ‘signature tune’ of Vineet Narain: â€Å"however high you may be, the law is above you.† Essays on the organization, functions and Role of the Election commission in India A good electoral system is, therefore, the bed rock of genuine representative government. The architects of the Indian constitution attached the highest significance to arzon-dependent electoral machinery for the conduct of elections. For this it was necessary that an independent election commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set-up in country such a commission could ensure fair and free elections of the representatives of the pie at all levels. Articles 324, Dr. Ambedkar contended, â€Å"proposed centralise the election machinery in hands of a single commission, be assisted by regional commissioners working under the supervision direction control of the election commission and not and under e control of the state government as envisaged earlier.† Composition of the Election Commission: Of the four pillars of the Indian constitution, the Election commission is one, the other three being the Supreme Court, the public service commission and the comptroller and Auditor General of India. On the Election commission depends the integrity of election, which truly is the oxygen of democracy. Thus viewed, its independence d impartiality assume critical importance to the country’s entire political system. To ensure free and fair and impartial elections, the constitution establishes the Election Commission, a body autonomous in character and free from political orenecutive influence. The commission is an All India body having jurisdiction over, elections to parliament, fate Legislatures, offices of the president and vice-president. The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner, and  such number of Election Commissioners if any as the president may fix from time to time. The Chief Election Commissioner stands at the apex of the hierarchy of the El ection Commission of India. All these commissioners are appointed by the president subject to the provisions of any law enacted by parliament for the purpose. The Chief Election Commissioner acts as the chairman of the Election Commission .in case any other Election Commissioner besides him is appointed. The tenure of the Chief Election Commissioner is independent of the executive discretion, for he cannot be removed from his of face except in the like manner and on the like grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The president also promulgated an ordinance amending the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act providing for unanimous transaction of business and decisions but in case of differences of opinion among the three members the matter shall be decided â€Å"according to the opinion of the majority.† The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act, 1991 as existed before the issue of ordinance was weighed in favour of the chief election commissioner on decision ma king in case of differences among the members of the commission. The constitution provides for a single member or multi ­member Election Commission. Where there is more than one I members the CEC acts as its chairman. The committee on Electoral Reforms has made certain recommendations with regard to the items and conditions of service Of the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners. After having studied those recommendations the chief Election Commissioners of India conditions of service rules 1972 were amended with introspective, effect from 1st January 1986. The Chief Election Commissioner of India will not be entitled to the salary and other facilities, like rent free accommodation, equivalery to that of a judge of Supreme Court. The term of his office has also been extended upto 6 years, from the date he assumes office or till the day he at his the age of 65 years. To assist the Chief Election Commissioner in the performance of his onerous duties there exists a large paraphernalia of the officers and the staff subordinate to him. Among them is the regional commissioner. Deputy Election Commissioner, se cretary, Under secretary, Research officers etc. In the place of the regional commissioners a new post of Deputy Election Commissioner was  created in the Election Commission for the first time in 1956. Since he Deputy Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the president and is usually sent on deputation, he can be recalled by the central govt, at the request of the chief Election Commissioner at any time. At the state or the union territory level there is the Chief Election officer as the kingpin in the Electoral machinery. He is nominated by the Election Commission in consultation with the state Govt. He is usually a senior executive or judicial officer of the state Government. He is assisted by the joint deputy or assistant Chief Election officers as well as the rest of the staff appointed by him in consultation with the state government. He may be a whole time or part time officer. At the district level the electoral duties are discharged by the District officer or the Executive Officer in addition to his normal administ rative routine. The responsibility for the preparation and revision of electoral rolls is rested in an officer called the Electoral Registration officer. He may have under him Assistant Electoral Registration officers. The election in every constituency is supervised by an officer known as the returning officer nominated by the Election commission in consultation with the govt, of the state. The same officer can be nominated as returning officer r more than one constituencies. He is assisted by one or more assistant Returning Officers so designated by the Election Commission. The staff consisting of presiding and polling officers, for the actual conduct of the poll is appointed by the District Election officer. The District Election Officer may appoint a presiding officer for each polling station and such polling officers are necessary. The presiding officer keeps order of the pooling station and ensures the fair conduct of the poll. Functions and powers of the Election Commission: The Election Commission of India has to perform multifarious duties assigned to it under the constitution. Some of the principal functions of the commission are: (1) Demarcation of constituencies: To facilitate the process of elections a country has to be divided into several constituencies. The task of delimiting constituencies is generally performed by a delimitation commission. But the power to delimit parliamentary and assembly constituencies for the first general elections in  1951 was conferred on the president. The Election Commission distributed the seats district wise in each one of the states and directed the Chief Electoral Officers to prepare proposals for the physical demarcation of constituencies according to the prescribed criteria. The procedure adopted in the delimitation of constituencies in 1951 led to a virtual power in the hands of the ruling party to decide the contours of the constituencies as it suited its designs. The association of parliamentary Advisory committees with the delimitation commission gave top priority to political consideration. The Election Commission strongly pleaded for taking away this power from the parliament. The Delimitation co mmission was to consist of three members, two of whom were to be nominated by the president from serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts while the Chief Election Commissioner was to be an ex-officio member. (2) Electoral Rolls: The second important but tedious function of the Election Commission is to prepare for identification the upto date list of all the persons who are entitled for voting at the poll. (3) Recognition of political parties and Allotment of Symbols: A new part IV A has been added to the representation of the people Amendment Act, 1951 on registration of political parties. Section 29 A now inserted provides for registration with the commission, of associations and bodies of individual citizens of India as political parties for purpose of this Act. This provision came into force from June 15, 1989. A recognised political party has been classified either as a National Party or a state party under paragraph 7 of the Elections symbol order 1968. Another important function of the Election Commissioner is to allot symbols to the political parties and the candidates, and also to accord recognition to the political parties. The commission has specified certain symbols as reserved and others as free. The reserved symbols are only available for candidates sponsored by the political parties and the free symbols are equally available to other candidates. The Election Commission has power to adjudicate upon disputes with regard to recognition of political parties and rival claims to a particular symbol for the purposes of elections. (4) Scrutiny of the Nomination Papers: Another function of the Election Commission is to examine the nomination papers of the candidates. These papers are accepted if found in order, but rejected otherwise. This duty is performed by the returning officer who notifies to all the contesting candidates the date, time and place for the formal scrutiny of nomination papers. The Returning officer summarily but judicially examines all the nomination papers and decides the objection raised. He is also to see whether the requisite requirements of security deposit, election symbol, election agent etc. have also been fulfilled. He is empowered to reject the nomination papers either by upholding the objection raised by a rival candidate or on his own motion or any of the following (a) that the candidate either is not qualified or is disqualified to fill the seat under any of the relevant constitutional provisions viz. Articles 84. 102, 173 and 191 (b) that the provision of sections 33 and 34 of the representation of the peopleâ€℠¢s Act 1951 have not been complied with and (c) that the signature of the candidate or the proposer on the nomination or papers is not genuine. (5) The conduct of the poll: Another stupendous task that the Election Commission has to undertake is the conduct of the poll throughout the whole of India. In a parliamentary constituency, the returning officer is to make suitable arrangements for conducting the poll with the prior approval of the Election Commission. The commission can order a Ripoll for the whole constituency under compulsion of circumstances. Articles 324 confers on the Election Commission necessary powers to conduct the elections including the power to countermand the poll in a constituency and ordering a fresh poll there in because of hooliganism and break down of law and order at the line of polling or counting of votes. (6) Election Expenses: Another most controversial function that the election commission has perform is no scrutinize the accounts of election expenses submitted by contestants in elections. In India every contesting candidate is required to maintain and file the accounts of his election expenses. Within a prescribed period after publication of the result of his election within 10 days from the last date of filing the returns the Returning Officer submits to the Election Commission a list of all the candidates and their agents together with their  returns as also his observation in respect of candidates who have failed to lodge returns in the specified time and a accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. The commission scrutinizes the accounts and dudes whether the returns are in proper form and whether they have been lodged in time. In case of default it notifies the candidates or their agents of there disqualification by publishing these in the official Gazette. Role of the Election Commission: Election is the contrivance through which a modern state creates amongst its citizens a sense of involvement and participation in public affairs. It is through popular elections that the authority of a govt, is clouted with legitimacy and peaceful and orderly transfer of authority to new leaders is ensured. For this it was necessary than an independent Election Commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set up in the country. Such a commission would ensure fair and free election of the representatives of the people at all levels. According to L.K. Advani, â€Å"The Election Commission occupies a pivotal place in the scheme of the Indian constitution. During recent years it has willingly or unwillingly abdicated its independent Supra governmental authority and accepted for itself the role of a mere official department charged with the conduct of elections.† The relations between CES and the central and state Governments are not cordial. The confrontation and the ensuing e mbarrassment for the Governments as a result of the ruling given by Chief Election Commissioner J.N. Seshan have only been increasing. With a critical evaluation of the working of the Election Commission of India so far as we can now infer that: Firstly, the working of the Elections Commission of India during the last four decades has shown that the Election Commission worked independently and impartially, as well as efficiently. Secondly, the Election Commission has fulfilled all the constitutional obligations, and has never tried to go beyond or over step the limits of the constitution. It always worked within the frame work of the constitution. Thirdly, when the Election Commission conducted the first General Election in 1951-52 the electorate were just 17 million but the present strength of the electorate is about 50 crores. The commission, has however been able to cope with its ever mounting responsibilities. It has the capacity to meet new challenges and faced the situation boldly. Fourthly, although the faith  of the people in democracy, its institutions and political parties has eroded but their faith in the Election Commission has all the more strengthened or fortified. According to the Election Commission, the very fact that in almost all states the ruling parties have suffer setbacks shows that the elections have been free and fair. It has given the lie to the wide spread belief that the party in power will use official machinery and influence the voters in its favour. Essays on the doctrine of â€Å"Judicial Review† under the Indian constitution The power of Judiciary to review and determine validity of a law or an order may be described as the power of â€Å"Judicial Review.† It means that the constitution is the Supreme law of the land and any law in consistent there with is void. The term refers to â€Å"the power of a court to inquire whether a law executive order or other official action conflicts with the written constitution and if the court concludes that it does, to declare it unconstitutional and void.† Judicial Review has two prime functions: (1) Legitimizing government action; and (2) to protect the constitution against any undue encroachment by the government. The most distinctive feature of the work of United States Supreme Court is its power of judicial review. As guardian of the constitution, the Supreme Court has to review the laws and executive orders to ensure that they do not violate the constitution of the country and the valid laws passed by the congress. The power of judicial review was first acquired by the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison case. 1803. The constitution of India, in this respect, is more a kin to the U.S. Constitution than the British. In Britain, the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy still holds goods. No court of law there can declare a parliamentary enactment invalid. On the contrary every court is constrained to enforce every provision† of the law of parliament. Under the constitution of India parliament is not Supreme. Its powers are limited in the two ways. First, there is the division of powers between the union and the states. Parliament is competent to pass laws only with respect to those subjects which are guaranteed to the citizens against every form of legislative encroachment. Being the guardian Fundamental Rights and the  arbiter of-constitutional conflicts between the union and the states with respect to the division of powers between them, the Supreme Court stands in a unique position where from it is competent to exercise the power of reviewing legislative enactments both of parliament and the state legislatures. This is what makes the court a powerful instrument of judicial review under the constitution. As Dr. M.P. Jain has rightly observed: â€Å"The doctrine of judicial review is thus firmly rooted in India, and has the explicit sanction of the constitution.† In the framework of a constitution which guarantees individual Fundamental Rights, divides power between the union and the states and clearly defines and delimits the powers and functions of every organ of the stat^ including the parliament, judiciary plays a very important role under their powers of judicial review. The power of judicial review of legislation is given to the judiciary both by the political theory and text of the constitution. There are several specific provisions in the Indian constitution, judicial review of legislation such as Act 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 145, 246, 251, 254 and 372. Article 372 (1) establishes the judicial review of the pre-constitutional legislation similarly. Article 13 specifically declares that any law which contravenes any of the provision of the part of Fundamental Rights shall be void. Even our Supreme Court has observed, even without the specific provisions in Article 13. The court would have the power to declare any enactment which transgresses a Fundamental Right as invalid. The Supreme and high courts are constituted the protector and guarantor of Fundamental Rights under Articles 32 and 226. Articles 251 and 254 say that in case of in consistent if between union and state laws, the state law shall be void. The basic function of the courts is to adjudicate disputed between individuals and the state, between the states and the union and while so adjudicating, the courts may be required to interpret the provisions of the constitution and the laws, and the interpretation given by the Supreme Court becomes the law honoured by all courts of the land. There is no appeal against the judgement of the Supreme Court. In Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951) the first Amendment Act of 1951 was challenged before the Supreme Court on the ground that the said Act abridged the right to property and that it could not be done as there was a restriction on the amendment of Fundamental Rights under Article 13 (2). The Supreme Court rejected the contention and unanimously  held. â€Å"The terms of Article 368 are perfectly general and empower parliament to amend the constitution without any exception whatever. In the context of Article 13 law must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and amendments to the constitution made in exercise of constituent power, with the result that Article 13 (2) does not affect amendments made under Article 368.† In Sajan Singh’s case (1964), the corupetence of parliament to enact 17th amendment was challenged before the constitution. Bench compris ing of five judges on the ground that it violated the Fundamental Rights under Article 31 (A). Supreme court reiterated its earlier stand taken in Shankari sad’s case and held, â€Å"when article 368 confers on parliament the right to amend the constitution the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the constitution, it would be unreason about to hold that the word law’ in article 13 (2) takes in amendment Acts passed under article 368. Thus, until 1967 the Supreme Court held that the Amendment Acts were not ordinary laws, and could not be struck down by the application of article 13 (2). The historic case of Golak Nath vs. The state of Punjab (1967) was heard by a special bench of 11 judges as the validity of three constitutional amendments (1st, 4th and 17th) was challenged. The Supreme Court by a majority of 6 to 5 reversed its earlier decision and declared that parliament under article 368 has no power to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights contained in chapter II of the constitution the court observed. (1) Article 368 only provides a procedure to be followed regarding amendment of the constitution. (2) Article 368 does not contain the actual power to amend the constitution. (3) The power to amend the constitution is derived from Article 245, 246 and 248 and entry 97 of the union list. (4) The expression ‘law’ as defined in Article 13 (3) includes not only the law made by the parliament in exercise of its ordinary legislative power but also an amendment of the constitution made in exercise of its constitution power. (5) The amendment of the constitution being a law within the meaning of Article 13 (3) would be void under Article 13 (2) of it takes away or abridges the rights conferred by part III of the constitution. (6) The First Amendment Act 1951, the fourth Amendment Act 1955 and the seventeenth Amendment Act. 1964 abridge the scope of Fundamental Rights and, therefore, void under Article 13 (2) of the constitution. (7) Parliament will have no power from the days of the  decision to amend any of the provisions of part III of the constitution so as to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights enshrined there in. The constitutional validity of the 14th, 25th, and 29th Amendments was challenged in the Fundamental Rights case. The Govt. of India claimed that it had the right as a matter of law to change or destroy the entire fabric of the constitution through the instrumentality of parliament’s amending power. In Minerva Mills case (1980) the Supreme Court by A majority decision has trunk down section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act which gave preponderance to the Directive Principles over Articles 24, 19 and 31 of part III of the constitution, on the ground that part III and part IV of the constitution are equally important and absolute primacy of one over the other is not permissible as that would disturb the harmony of the constitution. The Supreme Court was convinced that anything that destroys the balance between the two part will ipsoTacto destroy an essential element of the basic structure of our constitution. Judicial Review of Legislative Enactment and ordinances: One of the first major case A.K. Gopalan Vs. State of Madras. 1951 that came up before the Supreme Court in which the preventive Intention Act, 1950 was challenged as invalid. The court by a unanimous decision declared section 14 of the Act invalid and thus manifested its competence to declare void any parliamentary enactment repugnant to the provisions of the constitution. In Champakan Dorairajan’s case, the Supreme Court held that the order of the state government fixing proportionate scales, for different communities for admission to medical colleges was unconstitutional. The presidential order de-recognising privy purses was also challenged in the Supreme Court which declared the order as unconstitutional and void. Between 1950-1980 parliament passed as many as 1977 Acts and out of them, the Supreme Court invalidate laws passed on 22 occasions. Principles of Judicial Review: Justice VS Deshpande in his book propounded a thesis that Judicial Review of legislation in India should rest merely on Article 245 (1) and not on Article 13. According to him, Article 245 (1) interpreted broadly would ensure the supremacy of the constitution over all kinds of laws. Thus, a law to be valid must conform with the constitutional forms. The grave  responsibility of deciding upon the validity of laws, is laid up on the judges of the Supreme Court. If a statue isn’t within the scope of legislative authority or it offends some constitutional restriction or prohibition, that statue is unconstitutional and hence invalid. The Statue is not held unconstitutional by the court in a light vein. Both the ‘felt necessities of the time’ and ‘constitutional fundamentals’ are balanced by the court. Accordingly, the Supreme Court has evolved certain canons, making and norms. H.M. Leervai has enumerated following rules in this regard. (1) There is a presumption in favour of constitutionality, and a law will not be declared unconstitutional unless the case is so clear as to be free from doubt; and the on us to prove that it is unconstitutional lies upon the person who challenges it. (2) Where the validity of a statue is questioned and there are two interpretations, one of which would make the law valid, and the other void, the former must be preferred and the validity of the law upheld. (3) The court will not decide constitutional questions of a case is capable of being decided on other grounds. (4) The court will not decide a larger constitutional question than is required by the case before it. (5) The court will not hear an objection as to the constitutionality of a law by a person whose rights are not affected by it. (6) Ordinarily, courts should not pronounce on the validity of an Act or part of an Act, which has not been brought into force, because till then the question of validity would be merely academic. Indian judiciary has been able to overcome the restrictions that were put on it by the 42nd amendment, with the help of the 43rd and 44th amendments. Now the redeeming quality of Indian judiciary is that no future governments could did its wings or dilute its right of Judicial Review. In fact, now the ‘Judicial Review’ is considered to be the basic feature of out constitution.

Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons.

In most prisons in the world, alcohol dependence is the most prevalence substance abuse.   Most prisoners are said to depend on alcohol and drugs, to relieve stress and tension.   This has been linked to the fact that most inmates are imprisoned for drug – related offences.   These criminals are believed to introduce drugs and alcohol in prison.   The majority of the prison population has shown some evidence of substance abuse.   In Canada, research has shown that at least 7 – 10 inmates have engaged in activities of drug and alcohol abuse.The use of drugs and alcohol in prisons is highly spreading.   Research has shown that women have more severe substance abuse problems than men.   They have also shown a tendency of being involved in hard drugs such as cocaine and heroine than men. These women also have a higher rate of injection drug use than men, at approximately 91%.Heroin is the type of drug abused by most inmates in state prisons of Toronto and Mont rà ©al, while in Atlantic Canada alcohol and cocaine are the most abused. Alcohol and drugs are available in almost all prison facilities in the world.   Research studies have shown that drug trade is much more rampant and violent in the prison than on the street. Despite the efforts to eliminate drugs in prison inmates have always been discovered to test positive for drug tests.The types of drugs available in prison include marijuana, alcohol, drugs, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, Hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives and heroin.   Marijuana is the most common drugs while heroin is the least available drug in prison.Drugs treatment programmes available in California state prison.Programmes for drugs abuse treatment in this prison include, detoxication programmes, therapeutic programmes, drug courts, transitional treatment, maintenance and aftercare and pharmacotherapy methods. In California prison state intensive intervention services are reserved for offenders who are viewed as high risk.   The treatment available is designed to target behaviors that are predicative of criminal behavior.In this prison, treatment techniques such as coping skills training have been used to reduce substance abuse.   Inmates are trained on how to cope in prison without drugs and also given social skills and employment skills. These skills assist in keeping them focused on other positive activities.   Structured relapse prevention techniques are established to prevent inmates from relapsing into substance abuse.   Stress management sessions are held in prisons to help prisoners deal with drug withdrawal symptoms. Willing prisoners are asked to set their goals of treatment and work step by step to achieve them.   This way they are motivated to stop drug abuse.   Community reinforcement techniques have also been started. The community offers its services to the prisoners through voluntary services to encourage motivate them in stopping substance abuse.   However , these treatment programs have not been very effective in the prison.   The programs are not enough to stop usage of substance abuse in prisons.ConclusionI think that more treatment programmes should be established in the prison.   Control and detection programmes should be established to detect any form of drug smuggling into the prison.   Visitors and new prisoners must be thoroughly checked before entering the prison compound.   Routine searches should also be done in the prison frequently to discourage any form of drug or alcohol storage in the prison. Comprehensive screening and assessment of inmates on entry should be performed to identify the treatment programme suitable for each patient. Drug detection dogs should be introduced in the prison to facilitate drug detection in the prison.   Visitors’ areas should be modified to the designs and layouts that are open and easily accessible.   The visiting areas should be completely separated from the inmates sec tion by an impassable barrier. The way against drug and substance should be intensified to eliminate them from our society.References.Substance abuse in corrections. http://www.ccsa.ca/pdf/ccsa-011058-2004.pdf.as retrieved on 26/10/2007.Alcohol info. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007.Heroin addiction treatment. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007.